What are Cannabinoids?

Types of Cannabinoids

Cannabinoids are found in plants and in our bodies. They are also synthetically made. There are three main types of cannabinoids:

1. 1. Phytocannabinoids: These are naturally occurring compounds found in the Cannabis plant. The two most well-known are:
      
      • THC (tetrahydrocannabinol): The primary psychotropic compound responsible for the “high” associated with cannabis.
      • CBD (cannabidiol): A non-psychotropic compound known for potential therapeutic benefits like reducing anxiety, inflammation, and seizures.
   2. Endocannabinoids: These are cannabinoids naturally produced by the human body. The two main ones are:
      
      • Anandamide: Often referred to as the “bliss molecule” for its role in mood regulation.
      • 2-AG (2-arachidonoylglycerol): Plays a role in immune system functions and inflammation.
   3. Synthetic Cannabinoids: These are artificially created compounds designed to mimic the effects of natural cannabinoids. This includes all the “hemp” cannabinoids like Delta-8 (D*) HHC, and THCB, etc. Some are used in medications, while others are found in illicit products like “Spice” or “K2,” which can be dangerous.

What is the Endocannabinoid System?

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a complex cell-signaling system found in the human body and in many animals. It plays a key role in regulating a wide range of functions and processes that contribute to finding balance or homeostasis in our bodies including:

• • Mood and emotions

• • Appetite and digestion

• • Pain and inflammation

• • Sleep

• • Memory

• • Immune system responses

• • Reproductive functions

Parts of the Endocannabinoid System (ECS)

The ECS has three main parts:

1. Endocannabinoids
   As mentioned above, these are naturally occurring molecules, similar to cannabinoids found in the cannabis plant. 
2. Cannabinoid Receptors
   These receptors are found throughout the body, and endocannabinoids bind to them to signal that the ECS needs to take action. The two primary receptors are:
   
   • CB1 receptors: Mostly found in the brain and central nervous system, influencing things like mood, memory, and pain.
   • CB2 receptors: Mostly found in the peripheral organs and immune system, helping regulate inflammation and immune responses.
3. Enzymes
   These break down endocannabinoids once they’ve fulfilled their role. The main enzymes are:
   
   • Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), which breaks down anandamide.
   • Monoacylglycerol acid lipase (MAGL), which breaks down 2-AG.

How Does the ECS Work?

When the body detects an imbalance (like pain, stress, or inflammation), it produces endocannabinoids that bind to CB1 or CB2 receptors. This binding triggers a response that helps the body restore balance. Once the endocannabinoids have done their job, enzymes break them down to prevent overactivity.

For example, studies have found that our dorsal spinal cord contains CB1 receptors that have inhibitory properties. Research has shown that when CB1 receptors are activated in the dorsal spinal cord, and endocannabinoids are produced, CB1 receptors are responsible for mediating the effects of chronic, neuropathic pain. 

Why is the ECS Important?

A well-functioning ECS is crucial for maintaining health and well-being. An imbalance or dysfunction in the ECS is thought to contribute to conditions like chronic pain, anxiety, depression, and even autoimmune diseases.

Interestingly, cannabinoids from the cannabis plant (like THC and CBD) can also interact with the ECS, which is why they can influence pain, mood, and appetite. THC binds directly to CB1 and CB2 receptors, while CBD interacts more indirectly, affecting receptor activity and endocannabinoid levels.

The interaction between cannabinoids and these receptors influences various bodily functions, which is why cannabinoids have therapeutic potential for conditions like inflammation, chronic pain, epilepsy, and anxiety. Learn more about Bud & Mary’s cannabis research initiatives including cannabinoid-based therapies research and potential applications.